FUNGSI, PERBEDAAN DAN CONTOH MODALS

         

1.          FUNGSI MODAL

A.                 CAN

Ø  Digunakan untuk menyatakan ability ( kemampuan )

Ø  Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin ( permission )

           

            COULD

Ø  Digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa lalu

Ø  Modal verb ini digunakan untuk meminta izin untuk melakukan sesuatu di masa lalu atau masa depan

            

            ( BE ) ABLE TO

Ø  Modal yang memiliki bentuk future “ will be able to “ dan past “ was/were able to “

B.                  MAY

Ø  Menyatakan possibility ( kemungkinan ) di masa sekarang ( present ) dan masa depan ( future )

Ø   Modal verb ini untuk meminta izin yang lebih formal daripada modal verb can

Ø  Situasi yang belum terbukti

            

            MIGHT

Ø  Menyatakan kemungkinan di masa sekarang dan masa depan.

Ø  Might di tambah have untuk menyatakan kemungkinan di masa lalu

Ø  Digunakan untuk menyatakan situasi yang terbukti tidak terjadi

C.                 MUST

Ø   Dipadukan dengan not untuk menyatakan prohibition ( larangan )

Ø   Modal verb ini mengekspresikan obligation ( larangan ) atau necessity ( kebutuhan )

       

            HAS/HAVE/HAD TO

Ø  Mengungkapan kewajiban atau kita merasa wajib melakukan sesuatu karena kita merasa perlu

D.                 SHALL

Ø  Digunakan untuk menyatakan simple future seperti halnya will namun hanya digunakan pada first person ( orang pertama ) I dan We

Ø  Modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban pada formal situasi yang dapat berupa legal document maupun pada saat meeting. Pada situasi ini, baik second maupun third person dapat digunakan dengan modal verb ini

      

            SHOULD

Ø  Untuk memberikan saran atau nasehat

            OUGHT TO

Ø  Untuk menyatakan apa yang benar dan tepat

E.                  WILL

Ø Untung menyatakan willingness ( kemauan ) dapat diungkapkan dalam conditional sentence type 1 maupun invitation ( undangan /ajakan )

Ø  Modal verb ini untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan / tanpa rencana ( simple future tense )

            WOULD

Ø  Menyatakan kemauan namun lebih sopan

Ø  Would dipadukan dengan have untuk membentuk conditional sentence type 3. Would untuk menyatakan tindakan yang dilakukan di masa lalu

            ( BE ) GOING TO

Ø  Berbicara tentang sesuatu yang pasti akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang

2.          PERBEDAAN MODAL

A.                 COULD – ( BE ) ABLE TO

Ø  Could digunakan untuk menyampaikan kemampuan di masa lalu

Ø  Could merupakan bentuk kesopanan dalam percakapan bahasa inggris

Ø  Could Tingkat kepastian Could 99 %

Ø  Be able to sama dengan can. Namun be able to lebih sering digunakan bersama dengan kata-kata kerja bantu lain

Ø  Be able to tingkat kepastian 50 %

B.                 MUST – HAS/HAVE TO

Ø  Must menyatakan keharusan atau kewajiban

Ø  Must menyatakan tingkat kepastian sekarang 95 %

Ø  Have to mengungkapkan kewajiban atau kita merasa wajib melakukan sesuatu karena dianggap perlu

Ø  Have to menyatakan tingkat kepastian 90 %

C.                SHOULD – OUGHT TO

Ø  Should mengungkapkan kewajiban tapi tingkatnya lebih lunak dari must dan have to dan kita masih mempunyai pilihan

Ø  Should menyatakan tingkat kepastian 50 %

Ø Ought to menyatakan kewajiban yang sifatnya lebih keras dari should dan merasa berhutang untuk berbuat sesuatu

Ø  Ought to menyatakan tingkat kepastian 90 %

D.                WOULD – ( BE ) GOING TO

Ø  Would untuk menerangkan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi tetapi ternyata tidak terjadi

Ø  Would menyatakan tingkat kepastian kurang dari 50 %

Ø  Be going to digunakan untuk berbicara tentang sesuatu yang pasti akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang

Ø  Be going to menyatakan tingkat kepastian 95 %

3.           CONTOH MODAL

A.                CAN

Ø  Can I borrow your pen Winda ? 
Ø   I can play with my friend, after doing my homework

            COULD

Ø  Could I use your laptop to presentation ?

Ø   I could call you

            ( BE ) ABLE TO

Ø  I am able to make a fried rice

Ø  I am able to work better

B.                 MAY

Ø  She may consume healthy food food every day

Ø  May I visit your house ?

            MIGHT

Ø  Might I play with my friend ?

Ø  You might forget the embarassing accident tomorrow

C.                MUST

Ø  You mustn’t give up

Ø  You must pay all of these

            HAS/HAVE TO

Ø  I have to start study at 7.30 am

Ø  Do you have to pay taxes here?

D.                SHALL

Ø  We shall overcome it someday

Ø  It is too hot here. Shall I open the window ?

            SHOULD

Ø  You should see the doctor

Ø  We should meet tomorrow

            OUGHT TO

Ø  I ought to wear coat

Ø  We ought to select the best candicate for governor

E.                 WILL

Ø  I will go to Bandung with my family

Ø  I will buy a new dress to come the party tonight

            WOULD

Ø  Would you like to see my craft ?

Ø  He would be free tonight

            ( BE ) GOING TO

Ø  I am going to visit my grandfather’s house next week

Ø  I am going to have holiday in Singapura

             Nama : Meli

             Kelas : 3eb31

           

             SUMBER :

            www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-modal-auxiliary-verbs ( 19/04/2017 )

www.iskabere.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/makalah-modals-can-could-may-might-must.html?m=1( 19/04/2017 )

COMPARISON DAN COMPARATIVE

Equal Comparison

Equal Comparison menyatakan bahwa hal yang dibandingkan adalah sama.

Rumus : subject + verb + as + adj/adv + as + noun/pronoun

               subject + verb + not + as + adj/adv + as + noun/pronoun

Contoh :

·         Goat is as tall as sheep

·         Agnes monica sings as well as Anggun C.Sasmi

·         Rabbit is as funny as cat

Unequal Comparison

Unequal Comparison menyatakan bahwa hal yang dibandingkan adalah beda.

Rumus : subject + verb + more + adj/adv + than + noun/pronoun

              subject + verb + adj/adv (er) + than + noun/pronoun

Contoh :

·         Agnes monica is younger than Anggun C.Sasmi

·         Magazine is more interesting than newspaper

·         Horse is bigger than donkey

Double Comparative

Double Comparative struktur kata yang didalamnya terdapat dua bentuk superlative dari adjective, adverb dan more.

Contoh :

·         The more you try to forget him, the more you remember him

·         The less you care about what others say, the happier you are

·         The higher the mountain, the more difficult it is to clim

Superlative

Superlative adalah membandingkan sesuatu dengan sesuatu lainnya atau yang ada disekitarnya dimana jumlahnya lebih dari 2.

Rumus : subject + verb + the + most + adj/adv + noun/pronoun

   subject + verb + the + adj/adv (est) + noun/pronoun

   subject + verb + not + the + most + adj/adv + noun/pronoun

Contoh :

·         Ajeng is the most diligent student in my class

·         Samuel is the most handsome in the group

·         Giraffe is the tallest in the zoo

      MELI ( 3EB31 )

Sumber :

https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-double-comparatives (9 Maret 2017)

https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-superlative-degree (9 Maret 2017)

TUGAS COMPLAINT LETTER

Contoh Complaint Letter

Kathrine Alexandre

Merdeka Road, Indonesia

December 17 ^th, 2016

To :

Ms JulianaLee

Customer Service Manager

Raya road, Bandung

Indonesia, 41521

Dear Ms Lee,

I have recently ordered a new dress ( item #899 ) from your website on December 11 ^th. I received the order on December 16 ^th. Unfortunately, when I opened  it, I saw that the dress were used.  The dress had dirt all over  it and on the sleeeves there are torn .

As evidence, we send back to you for review and your concern .

To resolve the problem, I would like you to credit my account for the amount charged for my dress .

Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. I have been a satisfied customer of your company for many years and this is the first time I have encountered a problem. If you need to contact me, you can reach me at + 123454567.

Cordiatly yours,

   Alexandre

   Customer

Sumber : https://jujubandung.wordpress.com/2009/01/14/contoh-surat-komplain-bahasa-inggris/ ( Sabtu, 07/01/2017 )

SURAT SEWA GEDUNG DAN BALASAN

Mutiara High School

Gading Raya Timur

Jakarta, MD 21015

October 10, 2016

Mr. Daniel

Hotel Cempaka

Kelapa Dua

Depok, MD 21710

Dear Mr. Daniel

In our telephone conversation yesterday, we discussed plans to conduct a graduation ceremony in the ball room hotel cempaka. I would like to confrime those plans.

The date of the graduation ceremony on Monday, 28th November 2016. The hours at 1.00 p.m to 3.00 p.m. Two hundred people will be attending. We will need ball room.

We will need a microphone, speakers, tables, seats, monitor and VCR in the ball room.

On November 28th, we will give medals, graduation certificates to Mutiara High School student and lunch, and  therefore we also want to get a list of available menus. I would also appreciate discounted cost.

Given the importance of this activity , please inform us on the availability of facilities that we need and cost of service we need responsibility and provide. The information can be send via email.

I want to thank you for your help in planning graduation ceremony. I look forward to meeting you next week when I come to look over your facilities.

Best Wishes,

   

   Gilbert

SUMBER :

https://format-contoh-surat.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/contoh-surat-permohonan-peminjaman.html ( 25 November 2016, 19:00 )

Hotel Cempaka

Kelapa Dua

Depok, MD 21710

October 15, 2016

Mr. Gilbert

Executive Committee

Gading Raya Timur

Jakarta, MD 21015

Dear Mr. Gilbert

Thank you for your October 10 letter expressing interest in the ball room Hotel Cempaka. This letter will confrime out subsequent telephone call discussing plans for your meeting.

We understand your school would like to reserve our conference facilities November 28. Two hundred people will attend. You will need ball room.

As you requested, we will provide a microphone, speakers, tables, seats, monitor and VCR

On November 2016, we will provide a buffet lunch, The menu choices were faxed to you  last Sunday, Please tell us you menu selections one week before the conference.

As you requested, I faxed the projected costs last week. After you decide on the required equipment and the type of lunch, we can finalize the cost estimate.

I appreciate having the opportunity to plant graduation ceremony. We look forward to showing you our facility when you visit the week.

Sincerely,

Mr Daniel

SUMBER :

http://www.smksurat.com/2016/02/contoh-surat-pemberian-izin-penggunaan.html ( 25 November 2016, 19:00 )

DIALOG BISNIS DAN SURAT BISNIS

                     Dialog 1 Membuat Perjanjian Rapat ( Making Appointment )

Secretary         :    Good Morning, PT  Sukses Makmur, can I help you ?

Alexa               :    Hello, could I speak Mr William, please ?

Secretary         :    Who’s calling ?

Alexa               :    My name is Alexa as secretary Mr Roni from PT Tunggal Harapan,

   would like to speak with Mr William as Director of PT Sukses Makmur

Secretary        :   I’m sorry, Mr William Lee weren’t in place, He was there on a business

     trip to Singapore. Is there a message to be conveyed to him ?

Alexa              :    Yes, Mr Roni, as leader we want to hold a meeting with Mr William to

      discuss cooperation matters concerning shopping centers in Bali

Secretary         :    Can tell in details the date, time and place of the meeting ?

Alexa              :    The meeting will be conducted on Thursday, November 10th, 2016 at 
                            09.00 pm located at Mahadewi Restaurant Jl. Kuta no.22 Bali.

Secretary        :   May I know the address and phone number of the PT Tunggal Harapan?

Alexa              :   Our office at Jl. Cempaka 3 Bali and contact telephone (021) 81762639

Secretary         :  Okay, I will pass the message to Mr William, and for further
   confirmation, I’ll call back

Alexa              :    Okey, thank you

SUMBER :

http://perhiasanmutiara-tiara.blogspot.co.id/2011/11/percakapan-bertelepon.html (26 Oktober 2016)

   Dialog 2 Dokumen Yang Dibawa Saat Rapat

Receptionist    :   Good afternoon, PT Bintang Cerah, can I help you ?

Sony                :   Hello, could I speak to Andrea Lee, please ?

Receptionist    :   Who’s calling ?

Sony                :   My name is Sony William

Receptionist    :   Could you please spell that, please ?

Sony                :   Yes It’s W-I-L-L-I-A-M

Receptionist    :   Okay hold on a sec I’ll transfer your call

Sony                :   Thank you

...........................................................................................................................................

Andrea            :   Hello

Sony                :   Is this Andrea Lee ?

Andrea            :   Yes, I’m Andrea

Sony            :   I would like to remind, for meeting today regarding the introduction of the product, please bring the proporsal as well as other planning documents, and is expected at 4 pm, you are already present in the meeting room

Andrea            :   Okay sir, I will come on time

Sherly              :  Okay

Andrea            :   Thank you

 Dialog 3 Pembatalan Perjanjian ( Cancelling Appointment )

Secretary     :   Good morning, PT Tunggal Harapan, can I help you ?

William         :   Hello, could I speak to Mr Roni, please ?

Secretary     :   who’s calling ?

William        :   I’am William Lee director of PT Sukses Makmur. Can I speak to Mr. Roni, 

                            Director of PT Tunggal Harapan ?

Secretary        :   Could you please spell that, please ?

William          :   Yes, It's L-E-E

Secretary      :   Sorry Sir, Mr Roni was in a meeting. There is a message that I can say ? 

William         :   Yes, please pass a message to Mr Roni if I can’t attend a meeting Thursday 

                            tommorow, because  official duties to Jakarta is important and can’t be 

                            represented. I have held appointment with Mr Roni, please convey my 

                            apology to Mr Roni

Secretary     :   Yes, Mr William, I will convey the message to Mr Roni

William         :   Thank you

SUMBER :

http://chusnarahmatul.blogspot.co.id/2011/11/tugas-kesekretarisanskenario-

penerimaan.html (26 Oktober 2016)

                               

                              BUSINESS LETTER

                                                                             Bogor, 31 Oktober 2016

Subject : Letter of cooperation

To : Mr. Mario

Jl. Sunter Karya 

Jakarta

Dear Mr. Mario

        This email is to invite you to a meeting to discuss cooperation between

the introduction of new products our company. This meeting will be held on 30 October

2016, in the hall building in our company, In Jl. Sunter, North Jakarta, Jakarta

       The reason for inviting you is to build in the cooperation that we have made and 

the sense of kinship between our companies together. The meeting will also discuss 

further about the steps we are going to do to advance our company together. This

meeting will also be attended by all representatives of the branches of our company. 

The event starts from 10:00 pm and will end at 17:00 pm. It would be an honor for us 

if you and the whole manager of PT Sukses Makmur attend the event

Yours sincerely

SUMBER :

https://jujubandung.wordpress.com/2012/06/18/cara-membalas-surat
bisnis-bahasa-inggris/ ( 26 Oktober 2016 )